Equivalents of gerund are in Russian translation
Equivalents of gerund are in Russian translation
Министерство Образования и Науки Украины
Таврический Экологический
Институт
Факультет иностранной
филологии
Кафедра______________________
Специальность
7.030502-«Язык и литература»
Курсовая работа
Тема: Equivalents
of gerund are in Russian translation
Исполнитель: студентка 5
курса
Старцева Марина
Александровна
Научный руководитель:
доцент Цвет Л.Я.
Симферополь, 2003
Contents
Introduction
Section I. General characteristics of the
gerund
1.1 The double nature of the gerund
1.2 The tense distinctions of the gerund
1.3 The voice distinctions of the gerund
1.4 Predicative constructions with the
gerund
Section II The use of the gerund
2.1 The use of the gerund
2.2 The function of the gerund in the
sentence
Section III. The gerund and the other
verbals
3.1 The gerund and the infinitive
3.2 The gerund and the participle
3.3 The gerund and the verbal noun
Section IV. Comparison of the English
gerund and its equivalents in Russian
The conclusion
List of literature
INTRODUCTION
The
aim of my paper is the analysis of the translation and the opportunity to
transmit the meaning of the gerund in Russian. I have set this aim because of a
superficial translation the reader cannot see what is written between the
lines. The translator doesn’t always know grammar and grammar are left behind
the limits of the translation.
When
one compares an original text with the translation, one can see that some
difficult places are omitted or changed. For example, if the noun expresses the
subject, the translator can translate this noun with an adverb, because of it
sounds better than if it were translated without an adverb (6, 31).
The
theme of the course paper is analysis of Russian equivalents of the gerund. The
main problem of this paper is to show how one can translate gerund in all
situations, how to render a gerund by other means of the language, how
gerundial constructions are used. In a complex clause one can omit the
translation of a gerund because of it’s difficult to express the idea in the Russian
language.
There
aren’t any gerunds in the Russian language. There is only a verbal noun. The
English gerund cannot be translated as a verbal noun. I’ll try to show this
difficulty of translation in Russian.
I’ve
chosen this theme, because rendering gerund in Russian is ambiguous and
difficult for a student. I want to do my own contribution in the analysis of
this problem.
My
course paper consists of the introduction, the two chapters and the conclusion.
Section I.
General characteristics of the gerund
Origin
and Development. The gerund was originally a verbal noun in –ing
(until about 1250 also with the form –ung).thus it differed from the present
participle in meaning, which was originally an adjective and until about the
fourteenth century had a different ending, namely, ende (or inde, ynde, ande),
so that the two suffixes were farther apart in form and meaning than they are
today. They have both in course of time acquired more verbal force, but the
gerund is still a noun and the present participle is still an adjective.
[22-101]
.
In the combination possessive + gerund, as in I do not like his coming here so
often-мне не нравится, что он часто приходит сюда. The oblique
case may be substituted for the possessive, so that the gerund becomes a
present participle: I do not like him coming here so often. The difference — if
any — appears to be that in the former construction the logical emphasis is on
the possessive, in the latter on the verb. But there seems also to be a tendency
to give up the latter construction altogether, as if it were a mere variation
of I do not like him possessives: “in honors of its being Christmas day I …”-в честь Рождества я … “when metal came into
use, men were able to make their knives much longer, without their being afraid
of their breaking”-с
появлением металла появилась возможность изготовлять более длинные ножи, не боясь, что они поломаются. In the last
sentence they could be omitted but not changed into them.
So
also the genitive in who told you of your wife's being there? May be made into
the common case— of your wife being there. In such constructions as I cannot
accept the notion of school-life affecting the poet-я не могу принять понятие о школьной жизни, которая влияет на поэта, to this
extent the common case is preferred to the genitive(24-92).
"Ing"
is used here as a comprehensive technical term for those English forms which
from a syntactical point of view must be considered as two different things, a
gerund and a participle ("first participle", generally called
"present participle"). [23-129]
In
order to understand the definition “gerund” we should know all its meanings and
word-combinations.
The
gerund developed from the verbal noun, which in course of time became
verbalized, preserving at the same time its nominal character.
The
gerund is formed by adding the inflection -ing to the stem of the verb and
coincides in form with Participle I (15 – 170).
1.1
The double nature of the gerund
As
a natural result of its origin and development the gerund has nominal and
verbal properties. The nominal characteristics of the gerund are as follows:
1. The gerund can
perform the function of the subject, an object and a predicative.
They say smoking leads to meditation. – К медитации они
посоветовали использовать дымящий свинец.*
I
like making people happy. – Я люблю осчастливливать людей.
He
went away without saying a word. – Он ушел не сказав ни слова (1 – 222).
2. The gerund can
be preceded by a proposition.
I’m
very, very tired of rowing – Я очень, очень устала грести.
He’s
fond of skating. – Он увлекается коньками.
You
can’t make an omelette without breaking eggs. – Ты не можешь сделать омлет без яиц.
I’m
tired f hearing about that. – Я устала это слушать (5 – 137).
3. Like a noun
the gerund can be modified by a noun in the Possessive Case or by a possessive
pronoun.
“I
wonder at Jolyon’s allowing this cugagement”, he said to aunt Ann. – «Меня удивляет, что Джолиoн допустил эту помолвку», сказал он тетушке Энн.
Is there any objection to my seeing her? – Кто-нибудь возражает
против того, чтобы я повидался с ней? (7 – 259).
The
verbal characteristics of the gerund are the same as those of the participle:
1) The gerund of
transitive verbs can take a direct object.
I
had now made a good progress in understanding and speaking their language. – Сейчас я сделал хорошее продвижение в понимании и говорении их языка.
2) The gerund can
be modified by an adverb.
She
burst out crying bitterly. – Она горько расплакалась.
3) The gerund has
tense distinctions; the gerund of transitive verbs has also voice distinctions.
The forms of the gerund in modern English are as follows (2 – 624).
|
Active
|
Passive
|
Indefinite
|
writing
|
being written
|
Perfect
|
having written
|
having been written
|
There
is no gerund in the Russian language and the English gerund is rendered in
Russian in different ways:
a) by a noun.
Dancing
had not begun yet. – Танцы еще не начались (10 – 232).
b) by an
infinitive.
He
had tea with Cipriano before leaving. – Перед тем, как уйти, она выпила чай с Kиприано.
It
is no good hiding our heads under our wings. – Бесполезно прятать голову под крыло. * (Here and
there the translation is mine)
c) by деепричастие.
And
without waiting for her answer he turned and left us. – И не дожидаясь ее, он повернулся и вышел.
On
seeing Bella he stopped, beckoned her to him, and drew her arm through his. – Увидев Беллу, он остановился, подозвал ее к себе и взял под руку (16 – 19).
d) by a
subordinate clause.
He
regretted now having come. – Теперь он сожалел, что пришел.
It
should be observed that though the active forms of the gerund may be rendered
in different ways, the passive forms are nearly always rendered by a clause.
As
she contemplated the wide windows and imposing signs, she became conscious of
being gazed upon. – Когда она рассматривала широкие витрины и внушительные вывески, она почувствовала, что на нее смотрят.
After
having been informed of the conference in my lady’s room,… he immediately
decided on waiting to hear the news from Frizinghall. – После того как ему сообщили о совещании в комнате миледи,… он сразу решил подождать, чтобы узнать новости из Фризингхолла (15, 171).
1.2The tense distinctions of
the gerund
The
tense destinations of the gerund, like those of the participle, are not
absolute but relative.
The
Indefinite Gerund Active and Passive denotes an action simultaneous with the
action expressed by the finite verb it may refer to the present, past, or
future.
He
can swim for any number of hours without tiring. - Он может плыть много часов подряд, не уставая.
She
walked on without turning her head. – Она шла, не поворачивая головы.
Gwendolen
will not rest without having the world at her feet. – Гвендолен не успокоится, пока весь мир не будет у ее ног.
No
one could pass in or out without being seen. – Никто не мог ни войти так, чтобы его не видели (12 – 105).
However,
a prior action is not always expressed by a perfect Gerund; in some cases we
find an Indefinite Gerund. This occurs after the verbs to remember, to excuse,
to forgive, to thank and after the prepositions on (upon), after and without.
I don’t remember hearing the legend before. – Я не помню, что бы я
раньше слышала о легенде.
Thank
you for restraining me just now. – Благодарю тебя, что сдержал меня сейчас.
On
leaving the house we directed our steps to the nearest shade. – Покинув дом, мы осматривались к ближайшей тени.
After
walking about ten yards, he found the hat among the leaves. – Пройдя около десяти ярдов, он обнаружил шляпу среди листьев.
She
passes through and disappears in the village without noticing the young lady. –
Она проходит мимо и исчезает в деревне не замечая юную леди (14 – 210).
The
Perfect Gerund may also be used after the above mentioned verbs and
prepositions.
He
did not remember having been in that room. – Он не помнил, чтобы когда-ни будь был в этой комнате.
After
having denied herself to everybody, Miss Rachel, to our astonishment, walked
into the midst of us of her own accord. – После того как мисс Рэчел отказалась видеть кого бы то ни было, она к нашему удивлению, вышла к нам по своему собственному желанию.
They
parted at Cohen’s door without having spoken to each other again. – Они расстались у двери дома Коэна, не сказав друг другу ни слова (15, 173).
1.3The voice distinctions of
the gerund
The
gerund of transitive verbs has special forms for the active and the passive
voice.
He
liked neither reading aloud nor being read aloud to. – Он не любил ни читать вслух, ни слушать чтение.
It’s
to observed that after the verbs to want, to need, to deserve, to require and
the adjective worth the gerund is used in the active form, though it is passive
in meaning.
“The
slums want attending to, no doubt”, he said. – «Без сомнения трущобами надо заняться», – сказал он.
He
realized that his room needed painting. – Он понял, что его комнату надо покрасить.
The
child deserves praising. – Ребенок заслуживает того, чтобы его похвалили.
They
were not worth saving. – Их не стоило спасать (4 – 66).
1.4
Predicative constructions with the gerund
Like
all the verbals the gerund can form predicative constructions, i.e.
constructions in which the verbal element expressed by the gerund is in
predicate relation to the nominal element expressed by a noun or pronoun.
Like
a verb, a gerund may have a subject, but, like earlier verbal nouns, its
subject is in the genitive, here, however, only the old subjective genitive in
-s, or instead of the genitive the person implied in a possessive adjective,
my, his, etc., which were originally genitives of the personal pronouns and are
still often used as such ; 'I am provoked at John's talking so rudely' (or 'at
his talking so rudely').-Я
против того,чтобы Джон так со мной грубо разговаривал. Many common
substantive limiting adjectives, as this, these, those, any, several, all, two,
three, etc., have no s-genitive. Here, of course, as the genitive is
impossible, we have to use the accusative: 'Was it thou who didst tell the boy
this foolishness of these being our arms?-Был ли это именно ты, кто сказал мальчику эту глупость, что он в наших руках'. 'Some
families may possibly have moved away on account of the repeated failure of
crops, but I do not know of any having done so.-Некоторые семьи возможно уехали бы из-за постоянных неурожаев, но я никого не знаю, кто бы так поступил. ' There are
also nouns that have no genitive form. Here we must have recourse to the
accusative: 'I am not surprised at young or old falling in love with her.'
There is no hope of good coming from it.' 'There is no expectation of the
French withdrawing their demands.'-Больше нет сил ждать, когда Франция предоставит свои требования (22-102).
I
don’t like your going off without any money. – Мне не нравится, что вы уходите без денег.
Here
the gerund going off is in predicate relation to the pronoun your, which
denotes the doer of the action expressed by the gerund (14, 173).
The
nominal element of the construction can be expressed in different ways.
1) If it denotes
a living being it may be expressed:
a) by a noun in
the genitive case or by a possessive pronoun.
His
further consideration of the point was prevented by Richard’s coming back to us
in an excited state. – Его дальнейшие размышления были прерваны тем, что вернулся Ричард в чрезвычайно возбужденном состоянии.
Do you mind my smoking? – Вы ничего не имеете
против того, чтобы я курил?
b) by a noun in
the common case.
I
have a distinct recollection of Lady Chiltern always getting the good conduct
prize! – Я отлично помню, что леди Гильтерн всегда получала награды за примерное поведение.
NOTE.
– Thus in modern English there are two parallel constructions or the type:
Fancy David’s courting Emily! and Fancy David courting Emily! These two
constrictions may be used in differently, but sometimes there is a slight
difference in meaning in the first example the action (the verbal element of
the construction) is emphasized, whereas in the second the does of the action
(the nominal element of the construction) is emphasized (9, 89).
Occasionally
examples are found where the nominal element of the construction is expressed
by a pronoun is the objective case.
I hope you will forgive me disturbing you. – Надеюсь, что вы
простите меня за то, что я вас побеспокоил.
There
are cases when the nominal element of the construction, though denoting a
living, cannot be expressed by a noun in the possessive case, but only by a
noun in the common case, namely when it consists of two or more nouns or when
it is a noun modified by an attribute in past-position.
I
object to Marry and Jane going out on such a windy day. – Я против, чтобы Мэри и Джейн вышли на улицу в такой холод.
He
felt no uneasiness now in the thought of the brother and sister being alone
together. – Его теперь не смущала мысль о том, что брат и сестра остались вдвоем.
Did you ever hear of a man of sense rejecting such an offer? – Слышали ли вы
когда-нибудь, чтобы разумный человек отказался от такого предложения? (15, 174).
2) If the nominal
element of the construction denotes a lifeless thing, it is expressed by a noun
in the common case (such nouns, as a rule, are not used in the genitive case)
or by a possessive pronoun.
I
said something about my clock being slow. – Я сказал, что мои часы отстают.
…Piggott spoke of… my room, and of its being ready for me. – …Пеготт говорила… о
моей комнате и о том, что она уже приготовлена для меня (3 – 475).
3) The nominal
element of the construction can also be expressed by a pronoun which has no
case distinctions, such as all, this, that, both, each, something.
I
insist on both of them coming in time. – Я требую, чтобы они оба пришли вовремя.
Again
Michael … was conscious of something deep and private stirring within himself.
– Михаил опять почувствовал, что в его душе шевельнулось что-то глубокое и затаенное.
NOTE.
– Some grammarians recognize the existence of two separate constructions: the
gerundial construction (a construction whose nominal element is expressed by a
noun in the genitive case or by a possessive pronoun) and a construction with a
half gerund (a construction whose nominal element is expressed by a noun in the
common case, a pronoun in the objective case, or a pronoun which has no case
distinctions) (15, 175).
A
general construction is nearly always rendered in Russian by a subordinate
clause, generally introduced by то, что; тем, что; как, etc.
He being a foreigner, an ex-enemy was bad enough. – То, что он был
иностранцем, бывший неприятель, было уже плохо.
The door opening gently interrupted her thoughts at last. – Ее мысли были наконец
прерваны тем, что дверь тихонько открылась.
I began to picture to myself… my being found dead in a day or two, under some hedge. – Я начал представлять
себе, как через день или два меня найдут мертвым под каким ни будь забором (13,
56).
Section II The
use of the gerund
2.1 The use of
the gerund
In
modern English the gerund is widely used and often competes with the
infinitive.
In
the following case only the gerund is used.
1) With the verbs
and verbal phrases: to avoid, to burst out, to deny, to enjoy, to excuse, to
fancy (in imperative sentences as an exclamation of surprise), to finish, to
forgive, to give up, to go on, to keep on, to leave off, to mind (in negative
and interrogative sentences), to postpone, to put off, cannot help and some
others (6, 256).
He
avoided looking at Sabina. – Он избегал смотреть на Савину.
…
She burst out crying. – … она расплакалась.
She
denied having been at the station that evening. – Она отрицала, что была в тот вечер на станции.
Excuse my leaving you in the dark a moment. – Извините, что я на
минуточку оставила вас в темноте.
Fancy finding you here at such an hour! – Я даже представить
себе не мог, что застану вас здесь в такое время!
Forgive my speaking plainly. – Простите, что я
говорю так прямо.
When Committee had finished deciding on its politics, he had gone home. – Когда комитет кончил
разрабатывать свой план действий, он пошел домой.
They went on talking. – Они продолжали
разговаривать.
The
doctor keeps coming and having a look at me. – Доктор продолжает навещать меня и осматривать.
It
was quite rough, but I kept on rowing. – Озеро было неспокойно, но я продолжал грести.
I
have left off shooting. – Я перестал охотиться.
Do you mind me asking you one or two more questions? – Вы ничего не имеете
против того, чтобы я задал вам еще один-два вопроса?
2) With the
following verbs and verbal phrases used with a preposition: to accuse of, to
agree to, to approve of, to complain of, to depend on, to feel like, to insist
on, to look like, to object to, to persist in, to prevent from, to rely on, to
speak of, to succeed in, to suspect of, to thank for, to think of, to give up,
the idea of, to look forward to, not to like the idea of, to miss or the
opportunity of and some others.
He
was surprised at having been asked about it. – Он был удивлен, когда его спросили об этом.
He
is proud of having won the first place in the chess tournament. – Он гордится, что занял первое место в турнире по шахматам.
We
insisted on being informed by cable of the arrival of the ship. – Мы настаивали, чтобы нас проинформировали по кабелю о прибытии корабля.
He
objects to having to come here every day. – Он против, чтобы принудительно приходить сюда каждый день (6, 28).
They
accuse me of having dealt with the Germans. - Меня обвиняют в
том, что я имел дело с немцами.
It
was clear now … that Abraham never had agreed to their being married today. – Теперь было ясно, что Авраам никогда не соглашался на то, чтобы они поженились сегодня.
You
did not approve of my playing at roulette. – Вы не одобряли того, что я играла в рулетку.
All
the happiness of my life depends on you loving me. – Все счастье моей жизни зависит от того, полюбите ли вы меня.
I
don’t feel like going out. – Мне не хочется выходить.
I
don’t want to bore you with all this, but I feel like talking. – Я не хочу надоедать вам всем этим, но мне хочется поговорить.
I
insist on being treated with a certain consideration. – Я настаиваю на том, чтобы ко мне относились внимательнее.
It
looks like raining. – Похоже, что будет дождь.
I
object to his having any acquaintance at all with me sister. – Я против того, чтобы он был знаком с моей сестрой.
I
rushed out to prevent her from seeing this dreadful sight. – Я выбежал, чтобы не дать ей увидеть это ужасное зрелище.
…
you may rely on my setting matters right. – … вы можете рассчитывать на то, что я все улажу.
My
medical adviser succeeded in saving my life… – Моему врачу удалось спасти мне жизнь…
You suspect me of stealing your diamond. – Вы подозреваете меня
в тои, что я украл ваш брильянт.
I
resolved not to think of going abroad any more. – Я решил больше не думать о путешествиях.
I really thank you heartily for talking all this trouble. – Я сердечно благодарен
вам зато, что вы взяли на себя все эти заботы.
So he returned his straitened means to his pocket, and gave up the idea of trying to buy the boys. – Он снова избрал свое
жалкое состояние в карман и отказался от намерения постараться подкупить
мальчиков (15, 177).
3) With the
following predicative word-groups (with or without a preposition): to be aware
of, to be busy in, to be capable of, to be fond of, to be guilty of, to be
indignant at, to be pleased (displeased) at, to be proud of, to be sure of, to
be surprised (astonished) at, to be worth (while) and others.
Sir
Pitt Crawly was not aware of Becky’s having married Radon. – Сэр Пиит Кровли не знал, что Беки вышла замуж за Радона.
I
felt physically incapable of remaining still in any one place and morally
incapable of speaking to any one human being. – Я чувствовал, что физически не в состоянии оставаться на одном месте и морально не в состоянии говорить с кем бы то ни было.
I
am very fond of being looked at. – Я очень люблю, когда на меня смотрят.
You
are really guilty of having connived with a German officer to help his escape.
– Вы действительно виновны в том, что способствовали побегу немецкого офицера.
Mr.
Osborne was indignant at his son’s having disobeyed him. – Мистер Осборн был в негодовании от того, что сын его ослушался.
…
She was not pleased at my coming. – …она была недовольна, что я пришел.
Miss
Crawly was greatly displeased at Radon’s having married Becky. – Мисс Кровли была очень недовольна, что Радон женился на Беки.
…
Nobody knows better than I do that she… is proud of being so pretty. – … уж я то знаю: она… гордится тем, что она такая хорошенькая.
Are
you quite sure of those words referring to my mother? – Вы совершенно уверены, что эти слова относятся к моей матери?
The
bridal party was worth seeing. – Свадьбу стоило посмотреть (15, 178 –
179).
2.2 The
function of the gerund in the sentence
The
gerund may be used in various syntactic functions. A single gerund occurs but
seldom; in most cases we find a gerundial phrase or a gerundial construction.
1) The gerund as
a subject.
Talking mends no holes. – Разговоры не помогают
в беде.
Waiting for the professor was a lame excuse for doing nothing. – То, что мы ждали
профессора, было слабым оправданием тому, что мы ничего не делали.
My
answering in the affirmative gave him great satisfaction. – То, что я ответил утвердительно, было ему очень приятно (1, 106).
The
gerund used as a subject may follow the predicate; in these cases the sentence
opens with the introductory it (which serves as an introductory subject) or
with the construction there is.
It’s
no use talking like that to me. – Бесполезно говорить со мной в таком тоне.
There
was no mistaking the expression on her face. – Выражение ее лица нельзя было не понять.
NOTE.
– There is another view according to which it is the subject and the rest of
the sentence is the predicate.
2) The as a
predicative.
The only remedy for such a headache as mine is going to bed. – Единственное средство
от такой головной боли, как у меня, – это лечь спать.
3) The gerund as
part of a compound verbal predicate.
-
With verbs and verbal phrases denoting modality the gerund forms
part of a compound verbal modal predicate.
We
intend going to Switzerland and climbing Mount Blanc. – Мы хотим поехать в Швейцарию и подняться на Монблан.
Joseph could not help admiring the man. – Джозеф не мог не
восхищаться этим человеком.
-
With verbs denoting the beginning, the duration or the end of an
action, the gerund forms part of a compound verbal aspect predicate.
She
began sobbing and weeping. – Она начала рыдать и ныть.
The
manager has finished dictating a letter to the secretary. – Менеджер закончил диктовать письмо секретарю.
I
avoid speaking to him on this matter. – Я избегаю разговаривать с ним в такой манере.
In
the night it started raining. – Ночью начался дождь (7 – 257).
4) The gerund as
an object.
The
gerund may be used as a direct object and as a prepositional indirect object.
I simply love riding. – Я просто обожаю
кататься верхом.
She enjoyed singing and playing to him. – Ей доставляло
удовольствие петь и играть для него.
The times were good for building… - Время для постройки
дома было самое подходящее.
Charlie
did not succeed in talking things easily. – Чарли не удавалось смотреть легко на вещи.
Predicative
constructions with the gerund form a complex object as they consist of two
distinct elements, nominal and verbal.
Perhaps you would’t mind Richard’s coming in? – Может быть, вы не
будете возражать против того, чтобы вошел Ричард?
Aunt Augusta won’t quite approve of your being here. – Тетя Августа будет не
очень довольна тем, что вы здесь (15, 181 – 182).
5) The gerund as
an attribute.
In
this function the gerund is always preceded by a preposition.
There
are different ways of solving this problem. – Существуют разные способы решения этой проблемы.
We
discussed different methods of teaching foreign languages. – Мы обсуждали разные методы изучения иностранных языков.
He
has no objection to being sent there. – У него нет возможностей, что его туда послали (7, 254).
6) The gerund as
an adverbial modifier.
In
this function the gerund is always preceded by a preposition. It is used in the
function of an adverbial modifier of time, manner, attendant circumstances,
cause, condition, purpose and concession; the most common functions are those
of adverbial modifiers of time, manner and attendant circumstances.
-
As an adverbial modifier of time the gerund is preceded by the
prepositions after, before, on, upon, in, or at.
After
leaving her umbrella in the hall, she entered the living room. – Оставив зонтик в передней, она вошла в гостиную.
He
was to have three days at home before going back to farm. – Он должен был пробыть три дня дома, прежде чем возвратиться на ферму.
Clare
turned at hearing her footsteps… - Услышав ее шаги, Клер оглянулся.
NOTE.
– In the function of an adverbial modifier of time gerund sometimes competes
with the participle.
George,
on hearing the story, grinned. – Джордж, услышав эту историю, усмехнулся.
The
four girls, hearing him speak in the hall, rushed out of the library. – Все четыре девочки, услышав, что он говорит в передней, выбежали из библиотеки.
After
reaching the second landing… I heard a sound of quiet, and regular breathing on
my left-hand side. – Дойдя до второй площади лестницы, … я услышал с левой стороны спокойное и ровное дыхание.
Reaching
the door of the room occupied by Cowperwood and Aileen, she tapped lightly. – Дойдя до двери комнаты, которую занимали Каупер Вуд и Эллин, она тихонько послушала.
-
As an adverbial modifier of manner the gerund is used with the
preposition by or in.
She
startled her father by bursting into tears. – Она напугала своего отца тем, что расплакалась.
The
day was spent in packing. – День прошел за упаковкой вещей.
-
As an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances the gerund is
preceded by the preposition without.
She
was not brilliant, not active, but rather peaceful and statuesque without knowing
it. – Это была женщина не блестящая, не энергичная, но очень спокойная и величественная, сама того не зная.
-
As an adverbial modifier of purpose, the gerund is chiefly used
with the preposition for.
…
one side of the gallery was used for dancing. - … одна сторона галереи использовалась для танцев.
-
As an adverbial modifier of condition the gerund is preceded by
the preposition without.
He
has no right to come bothering you and papa without being invited. – Он не имеет права приходить и беспокоить вас и отца, если его не приглашают.
-
As an adverbial modifier of clause the gerund is used with the
preposition for, for fear of, owing to.
I feel
the better myself for having spent a good deal of time abroad. – Я чувствую себя лучше от того, что долго прожил за границей.
I dared not attend the funeral for fear of making a fool of myself. – Я не смел,
присутствовать на похоронах, так как боялся поставить себя в глупое положение.
-
As an adverbial modifier of concession the gerund is preceded by
the preposition in spite of.
In
spite of being busy, he did all he could to help her. – Несмотря на занятость, он сделал все, чтобы помочь ей.
The
above examples show that the gerund preceded by one and the some preposition
may be used in different functions: with the preposition without, it may be
perform the function of an adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances and of
condition; with the preposition in, it may be perform the function of an
adverbial modifier of time and of manner; with the preposition for, it may
perform the function of an adverbial modifier of purpose or of cause.
NOTE.
– The Russian не + деепричастие may
correspond to the English without + Gerund or not + Participle. It usually
corresponds to not + Participle if it’s used in the function of an adverbial
modifier of cause.
Не зная адреса мисс Бетти, Давид не мог ей написать. – Not
knowing Miss Betsey’s address, David could not write to her (CAUSE).
If
нет + деепричастие is used in
the function of adverbial modifiers of attendant circumstances and of
condition, it generally corresponds to without + Gerund.
Давид уехал из Лондона, никому ничего не сказав. – David left
London without telling anybody about it (ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCES) (15, 183 –
184).
Section III. The
gerund and other verbals
3.1 The gerund
and the infinitive
With
a number of verbs and word-groups both the gerund and the infinitive may be
used. The most important of them are: to be afraid, to begin, to cease, to
continue, can (cannot) afford, to dread, to fear, to forget, to hate, to
intend, to like (to dislike), to neglect, to prefer, to propose, to remember,
to recollect, to start, to stop.
The
young man began turning aver the pages of a book. – Молодой человек начал переворачивать страницы книги.
At
length she began to speak softly. – Наконец она начала говорить мягко.
She
continued standing near the piano. – Она продолжала стоять у пианино.
She
continued to look at him… – Она продолжала смотреть на него…
It
is sometimes possible to find a reason for the use of a given form. With some
verbs and word-groups, such as to be afraid, to forget, to hate, to like, to
prefer the infinitive is mostly used with reference to a special occasion, the
gerund being more appropriate to a general statement.
The
child was afraid of remaining alone, but he was afraid of to remain along or
such a stormy night. – Ребенок не боялся остаться один в такую бурную ночь.
Don’t
forget shutting the windows when you leave home. – Не забывай закрывать окна, уходя из дому.
I don’t like interrupting people. – Я не люблю отрывать
людей от дела.
I don’t like to interrupt him, he seems very busy. – Мне не хочется мешать
ему, он, кажется, очень занят.
I was always afraid losing his goodwill. – Я всегда боялся
потерять его расположение.
Gwen olden answered rather pettishly, and her mamma was afraid to say more. – Гвендолен ответила
несколько раздраженно, и ее мыть побоялась продолжать разговор (15, 179).
With
the verb to remember the infinitive usually refers to the future, and the
gerund to the past.
1) I shall always
remember meeting you for the first time (= remember what one has done, or what
has happened). – Я
всегда буду помнить, как мы встретились впервые.
Remember
to go to the post office, won’t you? (= Remember what you have to do). – Не забудь зайти на почту.
2) To forget.
I shall never forget seeing the Queen. – Я никогда не забуду,
как я видел королеву.
She
is always forgetting to give me my letters. – Она всегда забывает отдавать мне мои письма.
3) To stop.
I
really must stop smoking (= stop what one is doing, or does). – Мне действительно нужно прекратить курить.
Every
half hour I stop work to smoke a cigarette (= make a break or pause in order o
do something). – Каждые полчаса я прерываю работу, чтобы покурить.
4) To go on +
Ving.
How
long do to intend to go on playing those records? – Как долго ты намереваешься слушать эти пластинки?
to
go on + Inf.
He
welcomed the new students and then went on to explain the college regulations.
– Он поприветствовал новых студентов и приступил к объявлению правил колледжа.
5) To regret +
Ving.
I
don’t regret telling her what I thought, even if it upset her. - Я не сожалею, что сказал ей том, что думаю, даже если это огорчило ее.
To
regret + Inf.
I
regret to inform you that we are unable to offer you employment. – Я сожалею, но должен сообщить вам, что мы не можем принять вас на работу (5, 160).
3.2
The gerund and the participle
In
most cases the differentiation between the gerund and the participle does not
present any difficulty.
Unlike
the participle the gerund may be preceded by a preposition, it may be modified
by a noun in the possessive case or by a possessive pronoun; it can be used in
the function of a subject, object and predicative. In the function of an
attribute and of an adverbial modifier both the gerund and the participle may
be used, but the gerund in these functions always proceeded by a preposition.
There
are cases, however, when the differentiation between the gerund and the
participle presents some difficulty; for instance, it is not always easy to
distinguish between a gerund as part of a compound noun and a participle as an
attribute to a noun. One should bear in mind that if we have a gerund as part
of a compound noun, the person or thing denoted by the noun does not perform
the action expressed by the ing-form: e.g. a dancing-hall (a hall for
dancing), a cooking stove (a stove for cooking), walking shoes, a writing-table
etc.
If
we have participle used as an attribute the person denoted by the noun performs
the action expressed by the ing-form: e.g. a dancing girl (a girl who
dances), a singing child etc.
However,
there are cases which admit of two interpretations; for example a sewing
machine, may be understood in two ways: a machine for sewing and a machine
which sews; a hunting dog may be a dog for hunting and a dog that hunts(34 –
35).
3.3
The gerund and the verbal noun
The
gerund should not be confused with the verbal noun, which has the same suffix
-ing. The main points of difference between the gerund and the verbal noun are
as follows.
1) Like all the
verbals the gerund has a double character - nominal and verbal. – The verbal
noun has only a nominal character.
2) The gerund is
not used with an article. – The verbal noun may be used with an article.
The
making of a new humanity cannot be the privilege of a handful of bureaucrats. –
Совершение нового человечества не может быть привилегией пригоршни бюрократов.
I
want you to give my hair a good brushing. – Я хочу, чтобы ты хорошо причесала мои волосы.
3) The gerund has
no plural form. – The verbal noun may be used in the plural.
Our
likings are regulated by our circumstances. – Наши совпадения во вкусах зависят от обстоятельств.
4) The gerund of
a transitive verb takes a direct object.
He
received more and more letters, so many that he had given up reading them. – Он поучал все больше и больше писем, так много, что он бросил их читать. – A verbal
noun cannot take a direct object; it takes a prepositional object with the
preposition of. Meanwhile Gwendolyn was rallying her nerves to the reading of
the paper. – А тем временем Гвендолен действовала ей на нервы читая бумагу.
5) The gerund may
be modified by an adverb.
Drinking,
even temperately, was a sin. – Даже выпивка по праздникам считается грехом. – The verbal
noun may be modified by an adjective. Tom took a good scolding about scolding Sid. – Тома хорошо поругали
за то, что он побил камнями Сида.
Not
having the verbal meanings, the verbal noun doesn’t have the form of tenses and
doesn’t express any voice. After the verbal noun the direct object can’t exist.
They
started the loading of the ship. – Они приступили к
погрузке судна.
NOTE.
– One should notice that the noun is formed not from all verbs due to suffix
-ing. The noun can be formed by other methods:
To manufacture – производить;
|
Manufacture – производство;
|
To produce – производить;
|
Production – производство;
|
To sell – продавать;
|
Sale – продажа;
|
To ship – отгружать;
|
Shipment – отгрузка (9, 262).
|
Section 4
Comparison of the English gerund and its equivalents in Russian
I’ve
analyzed the gerund in Russian translations of the book by C.S. Lewis “The
Silver Chair” (19), and “The Lion, the Which and the Wardrobe” (20).
I’ve
found the translation of these books by Shaposhnikova and Ostrovskaya. These
books are under the edition of N.Trauberg (19; 20). One can see that the
authors of the translation used a free technique of translation without paying
any attention to the grammar and Russian equivalents. At first I’d like to
consider the translation of the gerund, which is rendered by other Russian
parts of speech (21; 22). There are:
Without
speaking – молчание,
for
looking while – победил,
for
not liking – не любит,
she
couldn’t help thinking – ей казалось.
Let
nothing turn your mind from following the sights! – Не забывай о знаках!
like
being in an airplane – напоминал самолет.
The
sound of waves breaking on the store was growing louder – Звуки прибоя становились громче.
telling
– узнать,
No
one suggested doing anything. – Никто не говорил, что делать дальше.
she
began groping with their feet – стояла изо всех сил,
buzzing
– шепчут.
It’s
worse than coming back and finding him dead. – Лучше бы мне знать, что он умер.
opening – отверстие,
saying – послышалось,
trying – учить,
without
delivery – не успела,
knowing
– запоминание,
looking
- отправились,
talking
of going to a party – речь шла о гостях,
on
saying – заметил,
after
changing – другим,
resting
on – положил,
sleeping
– лечь,
stop
beating – не остановилась,
talking
of archers – о стрелах,
for
being able to shoot – научился стрелять,
walking
– поехали,
there
is no denying – спору нет,
there
was no mistaking – были уверены,
saying
– спросил,
without
thinking –припомнить,
for
not knowing – не помнить,
without
knocking - не удариться,
climbing
down – по ступеням,
began
making tour – стали бежать
he had to keep on
pretending-с трудом удержался
looking
at-вытаращила глаза
without
meaning-не трогать
talking
again-вспоминать
vanishing-замечать
feeling-хватать
of
finding-выходить
stepping
out-оказываться
trying
on sound-словно
by
jeering-смеяться
getting-брать
of
getting-попадать
going-перелетела
of
being smooth-не ровняй
bringing-стукать
for
keeping-позволять
there was
nothing stirring-кругом ни движения
wondering-задал вопрос
before
leaving-убежал
thinking-хотелось
bringing-в руках
hearing-разбирать
saying-молчали
on
using-тереть
(19,
4 – 121; 20, 5 – 20; 22, 4 – 65; 21, 4 – 35).
One
can see a big difference between the gerund and Russian equivalents. The thing
is that the translator cannot find a direct way to render what C.S.Lewis meant
by these gerunds. The translator should see the meaning of words between lines.
There is no gerund in Russian and, maybe, it was case for the translator to say
like that. But if the translator followed the grammar, the awkward translation
would be.
The
gerunds, which the translator couldn’t translate:
barging,
telling,
at believing,
dancing,
trying,
of getting,
from gong,
learning,
hearing,
struggling,
vibrating,
without
warning,
seeing,
being,
wondering,
talking in,
from drinking,
being carried,
before going
on,
from bringing,
of finding,
ringing,
for making,
shifting,
at finding,
of catching,
panting,
mistaking,
purling,
boo-hoeing ,
for keeping,
on
remembering,
etching,
for shopping,
of coming,
on getting,
of sitting,
beginning,
on standing,
coming in,
eagling,
waiting,
groping
being
talking
leading
looking out
seeing
being
wondering
talking in
from drinking
being carried
before going
on
from bringing
of finding
ringing
pushing
of feeling
wondering
blinking in
feeling
sobbing
jumping out
tapping
putting
pulling
nesting
forgetting
groping
driving
hanging down
flying up
champing
blowing
holding out
shining
of trying
looking at
rising
looking round
for getting
talking about
turning to
talking off
beginning to
minding
trailing round
stamping
pretending
stamping
stooping
about having
without
noticing
including
holding
fishing
for caring
looking for
on thinking
of going
about being
keeping
crossing
saying
bounding back
of scrambling
puffing
panting
feeling
looking
running
trying
eating
drinking
passing
on doing
(19, 4 – 121;
20, 4 –77).
The
translator has ignored these gerunds because she couldn’t reproduce Lewis’ idea
and analogues of the English gerund in Russian.
The gerund as Infinitive
Sucking
up – подлизываться,
believing
– поверить,
interrupting
– перебивать,
teaching
– учиться,
getting
away – убегать,
roaring
– рычать,
snoring
– фыркать,
getting
– добираться,
going
away – отходить,
getting
to bed – ложиться спать,
ducking
– начинать,
waiting
– ждать,
gliding
away – уползать,
sleeping
– спать,
finding
– находить,
meeting
– встречать,
looking
– смотреть,
of having a
hot bath – принимать ванну,
repeating – повторять,
reaching – добираться,
getting – налаживать,
opening – открывать,
telling – говорить,
escaping – убегать,
asking – спрашивать,
running – бежать,
slitting – скользить.
do stop grumbling-перестань ворчать
talking-беседовать
of eating-есть
trickling-беседовать
jumping up-вскакивать
do not go on
talking like that-перестань так говорить
handing-отдавать
of lulling-усыплять
turning very
white-побелеть
beginning-приниматься
without speaking-не говорить ни слова
of crunching-скрипеть
panting for-переводить дыхание
on asking-спрашивать
bathing-купаться
fishing-ловить рыбу
climbing-лазить
lying-валяться
hiding-прятаться
on teasing-подразнивать
hanging up-висеть
on eating- кушать
coming-приходить
standing-стоять
nagging-дразнить
encouraging-поддерживать
before coming
out-вы лазить
telling-рассказывать
trying-пробовать
jeering-дразнить
fumbling-нащупывать
sticking-колоть
putting-одеваться
changing-переводить
walking-шагать
harboring-прилегать
fraternizing-брататься
for going
back-возвращаться
standing-стоять
on boiling-кипеть
of getting-попадать
knocking-трястись
doing things-действовать
in looking
for-искать
of saving-спасаться
talking of-заговорить
telling-рассказывать
knocking-трястись
bundling-одевать
fussing-волноваться
talking-болтать
moving-ходить
helping-помогать
from seeing-видеть
about closing-закрываться
leading-подниматься
The gerund as
a finite form of the verb
Talking
about – говорила,
shouting
out – донеслось,
hoping
– надеялись,
tarring
– мелькали,
grabbing
– вцепился,
singing
– пели,
running
across – бежали через,
scooping
out – зачерпнула,
moving
– двигались,
glittering
– сверкали,
in
blessing – благословлял,
leading
– пошла,
beginning
– начал,
coughing
– покашливал,
ringing
– звонил,
ruffling
– зашелестели,
speaking
– заговорили,
blowing
– дух,
sitting
– сидел,
fishing
– удил,
walking
– ходил,
hurtling
– пронеслось,
telling
– говорила,
loitering
down – упали,
throwing
– бросал,
no
time in turning and leading the way back – не теряя времени
отправились
назад,
stumbling – заковылял,
pottering – миновали,
rushing
out – бросились,
laughing
– смеялись,
looking
about – осмотрелась,
coughing
– кашлянула,
glancing
over – обернулась,
reeling–пошатывалась
handing up-висело
leaving-оставила
falling-падали
coming-приближались
from trailing-волочился
picking up-подбирал
hiding-спряталась
sweeping-неслись
jingling-звенели
cracking-щёлкал
coming out-вырывался
saying
nothing-молчал
speaking-сказала
asking-спрашивала
kept on
saying-снова отвечал
calling out-кричала
setting-завёл
listening to-слушал
interrupting-прерывал
telling -рассказывала
panting-затаились
hanging-висели
leading-двинулся
of comforting-давал приют
holding
breaths-затаили дыхание
saying-сказал
looking down-раскинулось
preparing-приготовились
shaking-покачал
plunging-погрузились
falling-идёт
swirling-залепляли
slipping-увязал
skidding-скользил
sliding down-проваливался
barking-обдирал
off thinking-размечтался
sliding off-пробирался
his heart
stopped beating-его сердце ушло в пятки
beating-билось
about
standing-стояли
picking up-подняла
laying-положила
walking-шли
bundling-вывалились
bringing-захватила
stopping-остановилась
jolting-застревали
on slipping-скользили
looking-смотрел
running- бросился
The gerund as a noun or verbal noun
Scrambling
up – карабканье,
blowing
– дуновение,
crying
– плач,
speaking
– голос,
standing
– стоять,
sobbing
– всхлипывание,
watching
– просмотр,
growing
– утолщение,
coming
– прибытие,
coughing
– кашель,
hauling
– стон,
blubbering
– всхлипывание,
staying
– визит,
the
idea of having a good time – мысль,
as
being kissed – поцелуй,
walking
– прогулка.
laughing-смех
walking-путь
feasting-пир
treasure
seeking-поиск сокровищ
calling-зов
of cooking-обед
meeting-встреча
there was
nothing stirring-кругом ни движения
jeering-проделка
fussing-тревога
Passive Gerund
At
being waked again – когда разбудили,
we’re
safe from being drowned in the river – чем утонем,
without
being seen – незаметно.
The gerund as an attribute
Dazzling – развевающиеся.
of being smooth-не ровный
being nice-ласковее
of flowering-цветущий
in thinking-любопытный
The gerund as деепричастие
Jumping
– вспрыгнув
looking
up-бросив взгляд
pushing away-поставив
cocking-скосив
THE CONCLUSION
The
aim of my paper was the analysis and translation of gerunds. As you see it was
difficult for the translator of C.S.Lewis’ book to present us the gerund as it
was used in the book. The translator and we don’t know what C.S.Lewis wanted to
say using the gerund. Perhaps, he used gerund so because the grammar rules
demanded or it was easy to apply the gerund in this or that situation. I would
translate the gerund as our translator did because it suited to Russian
equivalents, situation, words etc. If the context demands the changes in the
translation because it doesn’t sound good in Russian, why not apply the
translation, which is far from the original. One shouldn’t abuse a free
translation, because the reader might not understand a general or main point of
the book.
As
you see C.S.Lewis used himself the gerund frequently after the prepositions.
There
are only five Passive gerunds in the whole two books.
If
the translator followed the rules, the translation should be awkward and in
understandable for reader. You know, there is no rule without exception and the
translator often used such exceptions.
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