Ïîëèòîëîãèÿ

Ïîëèòîëîãèÿ

        Íà ïðèìåðàõ ðàçâèòèÿ ÷åëîâå÷åñêîãî îáùåñòâà àâòîðû ïûòàþòñÿ ïîêàçàòü, ÷òî ãîñóäàðñòâî ïðåäñòàâëÿåò íà÷àëî âëàñòè, áëàãîäàðÿ êîòîðîìó, îíî îáúåäèíÿåò ÷åëîâå÷åñêèå îáùíîñòè â ñîöèóì.

       ãîñóäàðñòâå ÂËÀÑÒÜ ÿâëÿåòñÿ îòëè÷èòåëüíûì ïðèçíàêîì.

 ñèëó ýòîãî, íà íàø âçãëÿä, ãîñóäàðñòâî ÿâëÿåòñÿ èñõîäíûì ýëåìåíòîì ïîñòðîåíèÿ âñåõ ïîëèòè÷åñêèõ ó÷åíèé, öåíòðàëüíîé ïðîáëåìîé ïîëèòîëîãèè.

   Ïðåäìåòîì ïîëèòîëîãèè                                 Ïîëèòèêà

     ÿâëÿåòñÿ: 

                                                                                                                         åå ïðèðîäà

                                                                                                                         ñîäåðæàíèå                                              

                                                                                                                          îñíîâíûå

                                                                                         ýëåìåíòû             

                                                                                                                          îáùèå

                                                                                   çàêîíîìåðíîñòè  

     Ïðåäìåòîì èñòîðèè                                      

    ïîëèòîëîãèè                                                     Ïîëèòèêà,

    ÿâëÿåòñÿ:                                                           íî â åå:

                                                                                                                   ñèñòåìàòè÷åñêîì

                                                                                                                       èñòîðè÷åñêîì

                                                                                         èçìåðåíèÿõ

   *   Èñòîðèþ ïîëèòîëîãèè ñëåäóåò âîñïðèíèìàòü òîëüêî â êîíòåêñòå:

        èñòîðèè êóëüòóðû,

        èñòîðèè ôèëîñîôèè,

         ðåëèãèè è ãîñóäàðñòâà, â ÷àñòíîñòè.

      Ýòî ïðîèñõîäèò ïîòîìó, ÷òî èñòîðèÿ ïîëèòîëîãèè ïðåäñòàâëÿåò ñîáîé   

                                                     Äðåâíèé ìèð

                                           VIII - VI â. Äî í.ý.

                                                                             Èäåÿ áîæåñòâåííîãî

                                                                      ïðîèñõîæäåíèÿ îò-

                                                                      íîøåíèé âëàñòè è

                  Êîíôóöèé                                  ïîðÿäêà. Ëþäè íå-

                  Áóääà                                         ðàâíû ïî âîëå áîãîâ.

                  Çàðàòóñòðà                                Íåðàâåíñòâî âå÷íî

                  Èåðåìèÿ                                     è íåèçìåííî. Ïîïûò-

                                                                       êè óñòðàíèòü íåðà-

                                                                      âåíñòâî-ñâÿòîòàòñò-

                                                                      âî.

                                                Àíòè÷íûé ìèð

                                            VI - II â. Äî í. ý.

                                                                    Òåîðåòè÷åñêîå îñìûñëåíèå

                                                                    ôîðì ãîñ. Óñòðîéñòâà: àðèñòîê-

                                                                     ðàòèè, äåìîêðàòèè, îëèãàðõèè,

                                                                    òèìîêðàòèè, òèðàíèè. Ïðåä-

                                                                    ñòàâëåíèÿ î ïîëèòèêå êàê öàð-

                      Ïëàòîí                           ñêîì èñêóññòâå óïðàâëÿòü

                                                              ëþäüìè. Ââåäåíèå ïîíÿòèé:

                     Àðèñòîòåëü                      þðèäè÷åñêîå ëèöî, ïîëèòè÷åñ-   

                                                                    êàÿ ñïðàâåäëèâîñòü è äð.  

                                                                   Ñîçäàíèå òåîðèè èäåàëüíîãî

                                                                    ãîñóäàðñòâà.

                                                                    Çàðîæäåíèå ýëåìåíòîâ íàó÷-

                                                                    íîãî èññëåäîâàíèÿ ïîëèòèêè.

                                   Ýïîõà ñðåäíåâåêîâüÿ

                                    ñ V äî  XIV â. â.

                                                                   Îáíîâëåíèå âåðõîâåíñòâà

                                                                   öåðêâè íàä ñâåòñêîé âëàñòüþ.

                                                                   Çàêîíû ïðèðîäû è îáùåñòâà -

        ýòî ïðàâèëà ïðèìåíèòåëüíî

ê äîñòèæåíèþ êîíêðåòíîé

öåëè.

                                                                   Êîíöåïöèÿ ðåëèãèîçíîé ñóù-     

íîñòè ãîñóäàðñòâà:

               À. Àâãóñòèí                               ìèðîâîé ïîðÿäîê óñòàíîâëåí

                                                                         áîãîì.       

               Ô. Àêâèíñêèé                             

                                                                   Ïðîïîâåäü ñìèðåíèÿ, ïîñëó-  

              Çëàòîóñò                                   øàíèÿ âëàñòÿì: íî ëþäè

ðàâíû ïåðåä áîãîì è íà

                Ïåðåñâåòîâ                               Çåìëå.

                 Òàòèùåâ                                  Âûñòóïëåíèå ïðîòèâ äóõîâ-

íîé äèêòàòóðû öåðêâè, îò-

ðèöàíèå íàñèëèÿ.

Èäåÿ î ñóâåðåííîñòè ðóñ-

ñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà è âåðõî-

âåíñòâà öàðñêîé âëàñòè.                                   

                                        Ýïîõà âîçðîæäåíèÿ

                                         ñ XIV â. äî XVIII â.

                                                                             Îñâîáîæäåíèå ïîëèòè÷åñêîé

                                                                      íàóêè îò òåîëîãèè, îáîñíîâà-

                                                                      íèå èäåè åñòåñòâåííîãî ïðî-

                                                                      èñõîæäåíèÿ ãîñóäàðñòâà.

                                                                      Ââåäåíèå ïîíÿòèÿ “ ãîñóäàð-

                                                                      ñòâî”. Ñîçäàíèå ó÷åíèÿ î ãî-

                                                                      ñóäàðñòâå.

                                                                      Îáîñíîâàíèå ôîðì áóðæóàç-

                                                                      íîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà.

                                                                      Çàðîæäåíèå áóðæóàçíîé ïî-

                                                                      ëèòèêî - ïðàâîâîé ìûñëè.

              Í. Ìàêèàâåëëè

              Ò. Ìîð                                           Ôîðìèðîâàíèå ó÷åíèÿ î

          Ò. Êàìïàíåëëà                              ãðàæäàíñêîì îáùåñòâå

                                          Ò. Ãîááñ                                         òåîðèè îáùåñòâåííîãî äî-

               Á. Ñïèíîçà                                    ãîâîðà, ïðèíöèïå ðàçäåëå-

                 Ä. Ëîêê                                              íèÿ âëàñòåé.

                                                                              Âîçíèêíîâåíèå èäåé óòî-

                                                                       ïè÷åñêîãî ñîöèàëèçìà.

                                                                     Ïðàâîçãëàøåíèå èäåé ãó-

                                                                     ìàíèçìà, ïðàâ è ñâîáîä

                                                                     ÷åëîâåêà.

                                                                     Ïðèçíàíèå çàêîíîìåðíîñòè

                                                                     ñìåíû ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî

                                                                     ïðàâëåíèÿ.

                                     Ýïîõà ïðîñâåùåíèÿ

                         \ Ïåðèîä óòâåðæäåíèÿ êàïèòàëèçìà

                           â ñòðàíàõ Çàïàäíîé Åâðîïû

                                  XVII - XVIII â. â. \

                                                                  Ðàçâèòèå èäåè î

                                                                        ãðàæäàíñêîì îá-

                                                                        ùåñòâå.

         Ä. Ëîêê                                            Öåëüþ ãîñóäàðñòâà

         Æ. Ðóññî                                              ÿâëÿåòñÿ ñîõðàíåíèå

         Âîëüòåð                                                ñâîáîäû è ñîáñòâåí-                            

         Ø. Ìîíòåñêüå                                            íîñòè,  ïðèîáðåòåí-  

         Ò. Ãîááñ                                           íîé ïîñðåäñòâîì

         Ô. Áýêîí                                          òðóäà.

         Ãîëüáàõ

         Ãåëüâåöèé                                       Ëþäè ñàìè ìîãóò

         è  äð.                                                 èçìåíèòü ñóùåñò-       

                                                                   âóþùèé ïîðÿäîê.

                                                                  Áîðîòüñÿ çà ãðàæ-

                                                                  äàíñêèå ñâîáîäû è

                                                                  ðàâåíñòâî ëþäåé.                

                            Ýïîõà ðàçâèòèÿ êàïèòàëèçìà

                             \ êîíåö XVIII - íà÷.  XIX â. \

                                                               Ïîëèòîëîãèÿ ñòàíîâèòñÿ

                                                                     ó÷åáíîé äèñöèïëèíîé.

             Ø. Ìîíòåñêüå                              Ðàçâèâàåòñÿ ïîëèòè÷åñêîå

             È. Êàíò                                         ó÷åíèå î ãîñóäàðñòâå,

             Ôèõòå                                            ãðàæäàíñêîì îáùåñòâå, î

             Øåëëèíã                                       ðàçäåëåíèè â îáùåñòâå

             Ãåãåëü                                           çàêîíîäàòåëüíîé, èñïîë-

                                                                    íèòåëüíîé è ñóäåáíîé

                                                                    âëàñòåé, ñóâåðåíèòåòå,

                                                                    ìèðîâîì äóõå.               

                            Ïåðèîä óòâåðæäåíèÿ êàïèòàëèçìà

                                     \ XVIII - XIX  â. â. \

                                                                     Ðåçêàÿ êðèòèêà êàïèòà-

                                                                     ëèçìà è ïðîãíîçèðîâàíèå

                                                                     íîâîãî îáùåñòâåííîãî

                                                                     óñòðîéñòâà.

                                                                     Îòðèöàíèå ÷àñòíîé ñîáñò-

                                                                     âåííîñòè â ïîëüçó îáùåñò-

                    Ñ. Ñåí - Ñèìîí                          âåííîé.

                                                                     Òðóä - ïåðâàÿ ïîòðåáíîñòü

                   Ø. Ôóðüå                                 ëè÷íîñòè.

                                                                     Ñîöèàëüíîå ðàâåíñòâî è

                   Ð. Îóýí                                    ñîö. Ñïðàâåäëèâîñòü.   

                                                                     Îòðèöàíèå ðåâîëþöèè.

                                                                     Ðàâíîïðàâèå æåíùèíû è

                                                                     ìóæ÷èíû.

                      Òåîðèè ðåâîëþöèîííîãî ïåðåóñòðîéñòâà

                            îáùåñòâà â Ðîññèè  \ XIX â. \

                                                                    Èäåàë îáùåñòâà, ãäå íå

                                                                    áóäåò áîãàòûõ è áåäíûõ,

                                                                    öàðåé è ïîääàííûõ. Ëþäè

                                                                    áóäóò áðàòüÿ.

                                                                      \ Áåëèíñêèé \

                                                                   Ðåâîëþöèîííûé ïóòü îá-

                                                                   íîâëåíèÿ îáùåñòâà ëåæèò

          Â. Ã. Áåëèíñêèé                             ÷åðåç îáùèíó.

                                                                     \ Ãåðöåí \

          À. È. Ãåðöåí

                                                                  Îãðàíè÷åíèå ÷àñòíîé ñîáñò-

          Í. Ã. ×åðíûøåâñêèé                       âåííîñòè, íàåìíîãî òðóäà,

                                                                  Ðàçâèòèå êîëëåêòèâíîãî

          Í. À. Äîáðîëþáîâ                        âëàäåíèÿ.

                                                                   \ ×åðíûøåâñêèé \

                                                                  Çíà÷åíèå ÷åëîâåêà ïî åãî

                                                                  ëè÷íûì äîñòîèíñòâàì. Ðàñï-

                                                                  ðåäåëåíèå ìàòåðèàëüíûõ

                                                                  áëàã ïî òðóäó.

                                                                   \ Äîáðîâîëüñêèé \                    

                                   Ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿ ìûñëü

                      Ê. Ìàðêñà è Ô. Ýíãåëüñà \ XIX â. \

                  Èñòîðè÷åñêàÿ íåîáõîäèìîñòü óíè÷òîæåíèÿ

                  êàïèòàëèçìà è ïîñòðîåíèÿ êîììóíèñòè÷åñêîãî

                  îáùåñòâà.

                 Òåîðèÿ êëàññîâîé áîðüáû, èñòîðè÷åñêàÿ ìèñ-

                 ñèÿ ïðîëåòîðèàòà, åãî ñùþçíèêîâ.

                 Îáúÿñíåíèå ïîëèòèêè ñ òî÷êè çðåíèÿ êëàññîâû

                 èíòåðåñîâ

                 Íåîáõîäèìîñòü ñîçäàíèÿ ïðîëåòàðñêîé ïàðòèè,

                 åå àâàíãàðäíîé ðîëè.

                 Òåîðèÿ è òèïîëîãèÿ ñîöèàëüíûõ ðåâîëþöèé.

                 Îïðåäåëåíèå èñòîðè÷åñêèõ ðàìîê ãîñóäàðñòâà.   

                                 Ðàçðàáîòêà ïîëèòè÷åñêîé òåîðèè

                             Â. È. Ëåíèíûì \ êîíåö XIX- íà÷. XXâ. \

                          Îöåíêà èìïåðèàëèçìà êàê êàíóíà ñîöèàëüíîé

                          ðåâîëþöèè.

                          Òåîðèÿ ïåðåõîäíîãî ïåðèîäà îò êàïèòàëèçìà ê

                           ñîöèàëèçìó.  

                           Ðàçðàáîòêà ïëàíîâ ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîãî

                           ñòðîèòåëüñòâà

                           Òåîðèÿ ïîëèòè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìû ñîöèàëèçìà è

                            ñîöèàëèñòè÷åñêîãî ãîñóäàðñòâà.

                          Ó÷åíèå î ïîëèòè÷åñêîé ïàðòèè ðåâîëþöèîí-

                          íîãî òèïà.

                          Ïðèîðèòåò èíòåðåñîâ îáùåñòâåííîãî ðàçâèòèÿ

                          ïåðåä êëàññîâûì.

                          Î ìèðíîì ñîñóùåñòâîâàíèè êëàññîâî - ïðîòè-

                          âîïîëîæíûõ ñèñòåì.  

                          Î íàöèîíàëüíîé ïîëèòèêå ïðîëåòàðñêîãî

                           ãîñóäàðñòâà.

                                           Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ýïîõà

          Àðåíäò

          Áåðäÿåâ

          Áæåçèíñêèé                                         Çàïàäíûå

          Áóðëàöêèé                                           ïîëèòè÷åñêèå

          Âåáåð                                                    äîêòðèíû.

          Âÿòð                                                      Ïîëèòè÷åñêèå

          Äàðåíäîðô                                           äîêòðèíû

          Äþâåðêå                                               ñîöèàë - äåìîêðàòîâ.

          Èñòîí                                                   Ïîëèòè÷åñêèå

          Ìàðêóçå                                               àñïåêòû

          Ëàññóýëë                                               ðåëèãèè.

          Ìèõåëüñ                                               Äîêòðèíû

          Ìîñêà                                                   ïîëèòè÷åñêîãî

          Ñàíèñòáàí                                            ýêñòðåìèçìà.

          Òèõîìèðîâ                                           Ïîëèòè÷åñêàÿ

          Ôðîìì                                                  ñèñòåìà

          Øàðàí                                                  ñîöèàëèçìà.

          Øàõíàçàðîâ

          Øâàðöåíáåðã